1. Product Structure and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding System
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments containing a high-strength steel core wrapped up by a conductive copper layer, forming a metallurgically bonded core-shell architecture.
The steel core, usually low-carbon or stainless steel, offers mechanical toughness with tensile staminas exceeding 2000 MPa, while the copper covering– normally 2– 10% of the overall diameter– imparts excellent electric and thermal conductivity.
The interface in between steel and copper is critical for performance; it is engineered with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to make certain solid attachment and minimal interdiffusion under operational tensions.
Electroplating is the most usual technique, using accurate thickness control and consistent protection on continuous steel filaments attracted via copper sulfate baths.
Appropriate surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleaning, pickling, and activation, makes sure optimum nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, avoiding delamination during subsequent handling or solution.
Gradually and at raised temperature levels, interdiffusion can create breakable iron-copper intermetallic phases at the user interface, which might compromise adaptability and long-lasting reliability– a difficulty alleviated by diffusion barriers or quick handling.
1.2 Physical and Useful Feature
CCSFs incorporate the very best features of both constituent metals: the high flexible modulus and tiredness resistance of steel with the superior conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electrical conductivity typically varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), relying on coating density and pureness, making CCSF significantly a lot more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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